Effects Of Peer Pressure On Children - 2602 Words

Effects of Peer Pressure on Children/Adolescents Mary Belcher Western Kentucky University Effects of Peer Pressure on Children/Adolescents Abstract Adolescent and/or children are in a stage where learning and experimentations are prevalent. At this stage, these two groups are not expected to have sound judgments or stick to their guts. They are easily swayed by different things, including peer pressure. This paper provides an insight into the influence of peer pressure on children and adolescents. Throughout the paper, an insightful discussion is provided regarding these influences, their variation from individual to individual and their association with children’s and adolescent purchasing behavior. Most of the literature review conducted provides strong evidence that peer pressure has both negative and positive influences on children or teens. Hence, these young individuals’ life can be built or destroyed by peer pressure. As indicated in the body of the paper, peer pressure varies from one person to the other, it is not universal. Finally, some aspects of peer pressure can explain young people’s consumer behaviors. Introduction The urge to become part of a group is natural to all people. Therefore, peer pressure occurs because nobody wants to stay alone. As human beings, we are bound to socialize. Children and adolescents belong to an essential phase of a person’s growth and development. Since these are transition stages towards adulthood,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Peer Pressure On Children838 Words   |  4 Pages why? Children and teenagers everywhere are being constantly pestered by their peers to do what is â€Å"cool† in order to fit in. Unfortunately, some people will cave in to the enticing offer in order to keep their friends and a popular reputation. This is known as peer pressure. Peer pressure is the influence an individual feels from a person or group of people around his/her age to do something he/she would not consider trying. In addition, peer pressure provides a number of negative effects such asRead MoreThe Effects Of Peer Pressure On Children863 Words   |  4 PagesTeen agers feel peer pressure everyday in their lives, whether in school or out in the town. During teenage years, kids in school differentiate themselves from their parents. Not only do teenagers give in to peer pressure, but also come up with unintelligent ideas at school. Thinking and feeling that their ideas are worth a million dollars. One of my friends in my math class at Spanish Fork Junior High came up with a careless idea that ended very reckless causing someone to get injured. When yourRead MoreEffects Of Peer Pressure On Conformity1531 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Peer Pressure on Conformity Jennifer Smith Argosy University Online Courses Research Methods PSY302 A02 Yvonne Bustamante April 13, 2016 Research Question and Hypothesis What are the effects of peer pressure on conformity? Peer influence increases during adolescence. Peer pressure can promote risky behaviors. (e.g.: Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use.) Peer pressure can lead to aggression. (e.g.: Hazing, teasing, ostracism can spark violence. Online hazing can trigger suicides.)Read MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 PagesPossessing a functional or dysfunctional family is of much importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stagesRead MoreMiddle Childhood Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagesmiddle childhood stage, children develo p more independence from parents and family. They understand more and can differentiate between right and wrong. Children at this age give more attention to friendship and teamwork, but continue to be strongly influence by their parents’ judgment. Their also yearn for love and acceptation from family and friends. They have ability to experience and describe feelings and thoughts with parents and friends. Middle childhood is a time when children develop social relationshipsRead MoreInt Task 1 Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesHomeschooling Effects on Children. Livestrong.com Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/178461-homeschooling-effects-on-children/ Shaw, I. (2013). The Pros and Cons of Homeschooling. Family Education Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://school.familyeducation.com/home-schooling/parenting/29861.html?page=2detoured=1 ----------------------- MAJOR POINT #1 Studies show that home schooling created a more relaxed and calm environment, and children were more attentiveRead MorePeer Presure at School794 Words   |  3 PagesPeer Pressure at School Every human being has an inner feeling of wanting to belong somewhere. Even belonging to one’s family is not enough. Individual will strive to belong to a wider group existing within his or her environment. Consequently, this exposes one to peer pressure. Peer pressure is the influence exerted on an individual by a person or a group to do something or act in a manner that he or she would otherwise not consider doing on his or her own. It has traditionally been associated withRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Peer Pressure1659 Words   |  7 Pageswill be focusing on will be on how peer pressure is correlated to conformity. The sociological perspective I will be applying towards my research will encompass Symbolic Interaction Sociological Perspective. I will be addressing one of the many social problems that many adolescent males undergo. I will be addressing and highlighting adolescence males living in Los Angeles, California who are peer pressured into bullying by their peers a nd conforming to peer pressure that leads to Cyber-bullying andRead MoreTaking a Look at Peer Pressure634 Words   |  3 PagesPeer pressure is the influence of one’s peer group. In our society today peer pressure has become very relevant all around us. A lot of peer pressure occurs in high school and college, where people are just trying to fit in. In the paper, I will talk about how peer pressure affects individuals, examples of peer pressure and In the first article, which is called Relationships between degrees of self-esteem and peer pressure in high school adolescents, it examines the relationship between youths’Read MoreChildhood Obesity : A Epidemic Of Today s Youth1108 Words   |  5 PagesDisease Control, seventeen percent of children or about twelve and a half million adolescents between the ages of two and nineteen years, suffer from this disease. (www.huffington post.com//childhoodobesityrates.) There are many factors as to what contributes to these extremely high statistical numbers. One factor is peer pressure. Peer pressure comes in all shapes and forms and is used in all kinds of different situations. When most people think of peer pressure they think of drugs and alcohol, or

Mr. Walter Elias Disney was an Innovator and a Pioneer, An...

A. During a 43 year Hollywood career, Walter Elias Disney was an innovator and pioneer. His creations brought a foundation of animated entertainment, and the use of his imagination to create new and great ideas. Walt Disney had many unique and creative ideas, none of which where to impossible to make into reality. I) Disney’s life A. Walt Disney was born on December 5 1901 in Chicago Illinois. B. After waltz birth, the Disney family moved to Missouri Where Walt lived out his childhood. C. Walt had an interest in art; he would often sell hand written drawings to the local people in his town to get extra money. D. In 1917 the family moved to Chicago, where Walt attended McKinley high school. And studied drawing in the evenings, at the Chicago academy of fine arts. He did not graduate high school, instead he had bigger and better plans. He was enlisted as a Red Cross driver in world war one. II) Walt and cartooning a. A couple decades later Walt began to have an interest in animation. Walt Disney began his carrier creating animated commercials, later he moved on to creating animation films. Producing his own company laugh o grams films, These films allowed him to experiment with cartoon animation. B. Walt’s first type of production was a combination of cartoon animation, along side with live action. He integrated some of his animation characters with the actions of a live girl. C . Disney won more than 100 prizes for his films, including 29 academy awards. In

Dark Days Free Essays

The people who live by the tracks in New York City are a branch of society which is the homeless or people in absolute poverty. They also have their own personal society which does not go by the rules of regular society, but they still manage to keep a sense of order within the people that live there, which is one of the main components of a society.The components of society that I recognize in the video are the absolute impoverished and the homeless, these people are composed of usually outcasts who because of maybe drug addiction or crime and become chastised for their past. We will write a custom essay sample on Dark Days or any similar topic only for you Order Now The social structure that I observed in the video is, as I stated earlier, people who were outcast-ed from society as a whole due to the fact that they were possibly born in to poverty stricken homes without much opportunity.Most of these people had lived tragic lives with many traumatic experiences, which possibly lead them to more resentfulness towards society from these individuals. But what I noticed was the companionship that these people represented, because they understood each others struggles, they provided each other with a sense of social structure and replicated the family essence. The various social interactions I observed in the video were all based on a sense of understanding and empathy towards the other individual in the same situation.When thinking of homeless people living underground by the train tracks you would think that it would be total anarchy and lawless and where as a couple violent occurrences happen (like Dee’s house getting burned) but there is a sense of order and respect towards the other individuals. A functionalist would think when seeing this video that these people are just a part of another sub group of society, and that a person can survive with just the basic essentials for life.But they would also state that homelessness detracts from society in a macro perspective and that ultimately all individuals should be expected to live up to a certain standard of living. A conflict theorists view on this video would be supporting the homeless stating that the homeless are victims of capitalism and are ostracized and pressured to not want to seek out a job thinking that there is no use because they are against odds.My overall reaction to this video, is that overall I am impressed at the adaptability that these people displayed, even while they had been through horrible experiences before hand. It also put in to perspective just how bad some people have that they have to submit themselves to live underground, and overall I do believe that many homeless people have no hope for the future because they feel like there is no way out of their lifestyle. How to cite Dark Days, Papers

Human Resource Issues in Shell Canada Limited-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the human resource issues in Shell Canada Limited. Answer: Introduction This report has identified the human resource issues in Shell Canada Limited, which is a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Shell Canada has been facing issues in managing diversity, employee turnover and employee engagement (Smalley, 2017). These are big challenges for global organizations as the needs of the workforce have rapidly changed. The younger employees belonging to the millennial generation have different expectation from their organization and job profile. These have reduced their length of stay in the organization. Moreover, replacing experience employees with new ones is difficult as it increase the organization cost structure and it would take them more amount of time to cope with their job role and responsibilities. Diversity management is also an essential need of the Shell as the country is bilingual and workforce is of diverse nature. The young employees in todays market give more preference to work culture. In order to mitigate these issues the Human resource management department will have to develop training programs to increase employee engagement, manage diversity, provide different skills to the employees so that they can grow both at organizational and personal level. A survey was conducted within the lower and mid level employees in the organization to identify their varying needs. The result show that age is a crucial factor as employees belonging to different generation have varied needs. Another survey conducted to identify the turnover rate of the organization and diversity issues highlighted that younger employees have less tenure having an average tenure of 3 years where older employees have issues with diversity and cultural factors (Smalley, 2017). Thus, training and developme nt is highly recommended for increasing the effectiveness, employee engagement and productivity. Background of Shell Canada limited Shell Canada Limited is one of the subsidiaries of Anglo- Dutch Royal Dutch shell. It belongs to the group of largest integrated oil company in Canada (Shell Canada, 2018). The major business of the organization is dealing with exploration, extraction and production of oil. The company also markets gasoline and other byproducts through its chain of stations in the country. The organization has its headquarters in Calgary, Alberta. Issues The main issue the organization has been is dealing with its workforce. The turnover rate of the organization is high and facing diversity management issues. Moreover, the organization is facing issues in using accurate performance management tools for engaging employees into activities so that employees are motivated, productive and stay with the organization. As the turnover rate of Shell Canada Limited is high, the cost structure has increased and diminished their profit margin. Available solutions The organization can provide the employees with high compensation package to motivate their employees that are in accordance to Maslows theory and ERG theory (Lazaroiu, 2015). However, the needs of the employees vary as different generations have different things to offer to the organization. Therefore, in order to identify the individual needs of the employees it is necessary to build up a training and development program, which will enable the managers to evaluate the individual workforce needs in a better way. In order manage diversity in a better way; the workforce should be provided with training so that they are aware of the cultural diversity and the ways they can develop bonds with diverse team members. In order to create a diverse environment in the organization they will have to educate the workforce (Harvey Allard, 2015). Diversity can be obtained by recruiting employees from diverse backgrounds but until and unless there is proper awareness, it will not reflect it on the culture of the organization. The workforce is looking to grow both personally and professionally so they need to be provided with ample amount of opportunities of developing new skills. The employees will definitely leave an organization after stagnation, as they will find nothing new to learn within the organization. Performance management deals with performance evaluation and appraisal, which is necessary for continuous improvement of the workforce. However, employee engagement is more essential as it motivates the employees to become more productive. Constraints The constraints for developing these training and development programs are low budget and time. In order to decrease the turnover rate it is not feasible to spent large sums of money on training and development, as it will ultimately increase the cost structure. Training program analyses In order to accomplish the objectives of the training and development program, the organization will have to develop multiple programs of multiple natures. The first training and development will include employee engagement where the employees will be involved various activities such as corporate social responsibility activities that will provide them with a sense of belong (Kadiresan et al., 2015). This will consist of group activities where the workforce will participate in various activities on weekly basis. The next program will deal with performance management where the managers will be educated about the different types of performance management tools and how they should be effectively used for improving the performance of the employees (Hey, 2017). The managers should be trained to use the tools in effective ways to identify their gaps in performance so that they can improve. The third program will deal with increasing awareness about diversity, which will consist of interactive sessions. Workplace discrimination is a major problem which most of the organization which will consist of dealing with minorities within the organization. The minorities within the organization will be incorporated within the program including women, as gender equality in a concern in modern global organization setting (Tzabbar, Tzafrir Baruch, 2017). In the program, the mid level manager will also participate so that they are able to develop skills of dealing with diverse workforce and identify their varied needs. This program is linked with the performance management program, as knowledge in diversity management is essential for correct evaluation of employee needs and gaps. Thus, the managers will be able to motivate their workforce. Initially these programs will be launched on a part time basis so that effectiveness of the programs can be examined. The parameters for evaluating the programs will consist of improvement in the productivity of the workforce and conducting personal interview to identify if these programs are assisting them in reaching their personal and organization goals more seamlessly (Clarke Higgs, 2016). Moreover, there are many employees that retire on regular basis and replacing them, is a big task so interaction between young and old employees will increase sharing of knowledge within the organization. However, the time schedule of the training programs will have to be monitored so that desired result can be reached within the given point of time. The tasks involved in the training program will be a mixture of cognitive and physical exercises where employees knowledge about the various will increased and skills will be developed by using both interactive sessions such as role plays and theo retical which will define the dos and donts. Target employee analysis The majority of the employees are aged above thirty and fewer amounts of employees are young. However, the recent trends show clearly that majority of new employees joining the organization belong to the millennial generation. Therefore, they have different perspective about life so their goals and objectives are quite different from the previous generations. Even though the new generations have developed skills, they lack in experience, which can only be achieved by increasing their interaction with the tenured employees having considerable amount of length of stay. Knowledge Skill Ability Other personal characteristics Organizational processes Active listening Coordination Patience Strong interpersonal skills Quick learning capabilities Communication Motivated Innovative thoughts Adaptability High emotional quotient Diversity knowledge Understanding diverse values and culture Understanding appropriate behavior Respect for the colleagues Table 1: KSAO (Source: As created by Author) This KSAO matrix defines the various skills, abilities and personal traits the training program will try to develop within the workforce. However, similarly for mid level manager the performance and diversity management will be essential for improving their skills of understanding the needs of the workforce in a better way. Learning objectives The learning objectives of these training programs are as follows: To engage the employees of the organization into various activities to increase their sense of belonging To develop a diverse culture within the organization so that team bonding can be developed and different can be solved by diverse persons having different skills To increase awareness of the employees about workplace bullying, different cultural values and norms so that they can develop a bond within the workforce To train managers about diversity management and techniques of identifying the different needs of the employees To make managers ware of the different performance management tools and ways to assist the workforce in increasing productivity To monitor the overall training programs to understand their effectiveness Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the report that Shell Canada limited is facing issues with their turnover rate, diversity management and performance management. The training programs have been customized in such a way that it would suit the current needs of the company. However, all the training programs will be used on a part time basis and monitored to examine the positive impact on the workforce. The success of the programs will determine which should be included into the organizational business model permanently. References Clarke, N., Higgs, M. (2016). How strategic focus relates to the delivery of leadership training and development.Human Resource Management,55(4), 541-565. Harvey, C. P., Allard, M. (2015).Understanding and managing diversity: Readings, cases, and exercises. Pearson. Hey, R. B. (2017).Performance Management for the Oil, Gas, and Process Industries: A Systems Approach. Gulf Professional Publishing. Kadiresan, V., Selamat, M. H., Selladurai, S., SPR, C. R., Mohamed, R. K. M. H. (2015). Performance appraisal and training and development of human resource management practices (HRM) on organizational commitment and turnover intention.Asian Social Science,11(24), 162. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee motivation and job performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Shell Canada. (2018).Shell Canada.Shell.ca. Retrieved 13 February 2018, from https://www.shell.ca/ Smalley, K. (2017).Top HR challenges of 2017 | Randstad Canada.Randstad.ca. Retrieved 13 February 2018, from https://www.randstad.ca/workforce360-trends/archives/top-hr-challenges-of-2017_601/ Tzabbar, D., Tzafrir, S., Baruch, Y. (2017). A bridge over troubled water: Replication, integration and extension of the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance using moderating meta-analysis.Human Resource Management Review,27(1), 134-148.

Shape and Secret Hideaway Place free essay sample

Childhood is such an innocent time in your life. Your childhood builds the foundation to which you will become. It creates the boundaries to which you will grow into. A child’s imagination is a very vivid and wide ranged. A child can see things we cannot hear, they hear things that we cannot hear. It is very detailed and sensitive and important to the overall development. It was in my childhood, where I found my secret hideaway place. I remember the day very vividly. I was 5 and still the only child. We had just moved into a one bedroom apartment, my mother and I. There were boxes everywhere, of all different sizes. My mother looked at me and said, â€Å"We’re going to save the big boxes to make you a play house†. I had no idea what a play house was, or why I even needed it. I had a ton of toys, and dolls. We will write a custom essay sample on Shape and Secret Hideaway Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I had no idea what a play house would do to enhance my play time experience. Two large cardboard boxes set the foundation to my house. Standing on the outside of the house, you could see the beautiful detail my artistic mother put into the structure. It was painted pink and yellow. There were windows, four to be exact, on each side of the house. Each window was cut from a different shape, one circle, one square, one triangle, and one rectangle. There was a flowerbed drawn under each window. The flowerbed contained different types of flowers, most of them tulips, probably because that’s the easiest to draw, all different colors and sizes. There was a little flap that served as a front door. It was painted bright red, and had a little circle knob drawn onto it as well. Walking into the house was magical. Instantly I entered into my own world. The side of my play house was just as detailed as the outside. There were four walls, and each wall contained a different color and pictures. There were real photographs of me, and my family members. There was a section that had numbers and letters so that I could practice learning them. There were pictures of teddy bears and clowns, because my mother knew there were my favorite things. There were the names of the shapes above each shaped window. In the middle of the house sat one single chair, for me to sit inside, and view the outside would through my own little window. I can remember sittings for hours. Playing and imagining different scenarios, I would teach my dolls and shapes, letters, and numbers. Sometimes the playhouse would be a mansion, and sometimes a classroom. It was my little get away, my moment within reality, a space that belonged to me and only me. I often times watched Television through the window or front door of the house. It was my look into the grown people world, from my own. I couldn’t tell you what ever happened to that little play house. I honestly don’t remember when it was taken down, or why it was taken down. It just kind of disappeared, as the reality of the adult world appeared. I am, however, grateful, for my little playhouse and the foundation it built for me in my adult life. My little play house provided me with security and substance. It taught me to use my mind, to see beyond what is in front of me and most importantly to think outside the box.

A Place Called Chiapas Video essays

A Place Called Chiapas Video essays This video was a very I opening piece on the situation in the Mexican territory known as Chiapas. I had heard a small amount of things about the problems previous to seeing the video and now realize that I had seen and heard was only the tip of the iceberg. Previously, I had only been told by the media that it was an independence movement by some indigenous peoples of southern Mexico. After watching the Chiapas video I now know the conditions leading to the rebellion in 1994 and how things have progressed since. I admire the makers of the video for not only showing one side of the conflict. In the video I saw the viewpoints of the Zapatista militia, the former ranchland owners, common people, government, and anti-Zapatista militia. This multi-faceted approach is, in my opinion, the most appropriate way to gain a less tainted overall view of any problem. This video really helped me to understand that the Zapatistas are not after complete atounomy, but, are after some self gover nance, more assistance from the government for health and education, and representation in the government. The only thing that I would like to see added to the video are some of the points brought up in class by the presentation given on the subject. One idea is the relation to the problems in Chiapas to the NAFTA agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Also, I would like to see some representation from the United States government on why they choose to ignore the human rights violations performed by the Mexican government but stick their noses in practically everyone elses business. Another issue I would like to see in the video is the support of the Mexican government for the anti-Zapatista militias and their refusal to address the ethnic discrimination involved in this dispute. Overall, the video was strong and I thing that you should continue to use it in the future. If there is ever a video that ...

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his Essay

Evaluate the validity of the reasons given by Thomas Moore for his condemnation of William Tyndale's english translation of the New Testament - Essay Example translation survived, since they were all burnt, nevertheless the New Testament translations in English as we know it today are largely the fruit of the work of William Tyndale. However, this same work was not well received in his time, largely due to the strict beliefs of the Catholic church, and this was also the grounds for the conflict in the views of Thomas Moore and William Tyndale. The major reasons for Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale’s work may be listed as follows: (a) faulty translation of certain words which provided scope for distortion of the scriptural message (b) the notion that such faulty translation made Tyndale a hypocrite and a dangerous heretic (c) the fact that Tyndale supported the King of England as the Head of the Church, thereby seriously undermining the established hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the Pope was the leader. This further substantiated Moore’s condemnation of Tyndale as a man rebelling against the Catholic c hurch. The Catholics believed in the Pope as being the head of the Church and Thomas Moore was a staunch Catholic who believed that it was indeed the Pope who had the right to be hailed as the Head of the Church. However, Tyndale offered a different view on this, that it was actually the Monarch of England who was the head of the Church, since in those days Henry VIII was the ruling head of England. Tyndale approved of the Monarch as being the Head of the Church, so long as that Monarch obeyed God. The brunt of Tyndale’s ire was expended against the corrupt church practices that existed in the Catholic church at the time and he was intent upon bringing the contents of the New testament to the attention of the lay people. The only means to do this was to translate the original Latin and Hebrew of the New Testament into simple English so that the masses among the English public would also be able to understand it. This was also in accordance with the encouragement that Tyndale provided to the

Resolution To Childhood Obesity Through Exercise and Diet Research Paper

Resolution To Childhood Obesity Through Exercise and Diet - Research Paper Example According to the American Psychological Association, around one in six children are obese and â€Å"only 30% of children (aged 6 to 17) participated in 20 minutes plus of vigorous physical activity on a daily basis† (Changing diet and exercise for kids, 2012), whereas the prescribed amount of physical activity is sixty minutes. This clearly indicates flaws in the lifestyle that people follow as the reason for the persistence of the problem of obesity in children. An increasingly sedentary lifestyle that arises from various factors such as pressure of studies and addiction to certain forms of technology leads children to abandon the forms of physical activity that they are supposed to engage in. Most children and even their parents do not consider physical exercise as a priority area that needs to be taken care of for the overall health of the child. There are problems associated with this formulation too. Children with disabilities and chronic illnesses were found to have a mu ch higher incidence of obesity. The table given below bears out this statement. Prevalences of overweight and obesity in disabled children and adolescents a) Compared with healthy children and adolescents Disability Percentage of overweight/obesity Healthy comparison group Country Functionally restricted mobility 30% overweight 16% overweight USA (11) Developmental delay 24% overweight 17% overweight Australia (12) 15% obese 6% obese Learning disability 35% overweight 31% overweight USA (11) 21.9% obese 15.7% obese Learning disability 19.3% obese 12.2% obese USA (13) Hearing or visual impairment 18.4% obese Autism 23.4% obese Attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder 18.9% obese Asthma 19.7% obese Asthma 24.6% overweight 14.2 % overweight Denmark (Reinehr, Dobe, Winkel and Hoffmann, 2010 [the table is directly from the essay]) In such cases the underlying disease is complicated by the problem of obesity and an inability to walk and perform other physical exercises is compounded by the excessive weight of the body. This may lead to pain at the joints as well since the weight of the body becomes too much for the bones to bear. There are other medical problems too that accompany obesity when it occurs in addition to another disease or disability. These compound the misery that the child experiences and the social isolation that results may lead to depression in the child. This would then further diminish the chances of the child taking part in any leisure activities. This heightens the problem of obesity and the cycle is complete. One method of alleviating this problem is through dietary changes that can be introduced for the patient who is obese. This has the ability to cause enormous changes in the weight of the patient. Diet in these cases needs to be closely monitored since eating as an activity may be used by the patient to alleviate the feelings of loneliness and sorrow. The quality that certain foods have, to cause a temporary suppression of depressing th oughts may be the reason behind this. This again feeds into the earlier mentioned cycle, thus worsening the entire situation. The importance of diet, thus, needs to be stressed when one is dealing with a person who is obese. Children who are obese are more likely to develop other diseases early on

Valuation of AirThread Connections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Valuation of AirThread Connections - Assignment Example The biggest assumption which is taken for this scenario is the steady as well as lower cost pattern especially in terms of recurring cost of people and supervisor which is estimated to be $20,000 per year for the next years. On the other hand, the estimated benefits of to be derived from this project in next five years are also another contributing factor in arriving such huge NPV such that increased profits amounts to around $160,000 per year over the next five years. In this way, this project would successfully achieve the positive NPV of $257,065. The second scenario is referred to as the neutral strategy such that in this particular scenario, the final figure of NPV would be zero as the cost of capital of the project (discount rate) would be exactly equal to the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The other assumptions of this strategy are the same however there are few changes as well. The major change in the assumptions of this scenario is that the software cost of the project has been reduced from $175,000 to around $118,128. The other major changes include the increase in the recurring cost of people and supervisor which has been increased from $20,000 to $50,000 and $40,000 in first and second year respectively and kept constant at $30,000 each year for the next three years of the project. The other major change is the decrease in the amount of profits such that profits are assumed to be reduced from $160,000 to $40,000 and $60,000 in first and second year respectively whereas it is kept constant at $80,000 per year for the rest of the project life. In this way, the cash outflows are exactly equal to the project cash inflows, thereby generating nil NPV for the project which indicates a breakeven position of the project. The defensive strategy is developed to highlight the negative consequences and effects of cash flows upon the project. All the assumptions

Fayols 4 Functions of Management

Fayols 4 Functions of Management Henri Fayol (1841-1925), praised as father of modern administrative management, focused on general and attitudes theories of managers practice. Fayol was the first to discover the specific managerial functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Davidson et al, 2009 p.42). However, it has comprised of only four functions nowadays (planning, coordinating, leading and controlling). These functions have become the solid foundation and core management process, playing important roles in diverse organisations. Accordingly, this essay will further elaborates the Fayols functions and convince of its great influence within the contemporary management practices. However, errors and biases decision making such as overconfidence and sink costs might cause corporate crisis and scandal (Robbins et al, 2009 p.232). Port Klang Free Zone project (PKFZ) in Malaysia, has bring on a failure planning. Advisory firm Pricewaterhousecoopers (2009 p.11) has revealed PKFZ project actual cost had rose up from RM1,957 billion, predict to reach RM12,453 billion cumulative deficits in over time. Report further indicated that failure planning included weak governance and project management, lands purchased exceed market value, low project actual occupancy and so on. It is apparent that the management team are holding unrealistically positive view, tend to obtain reward and to avoid immediate costs. PKFZ project also failure to adjust adequately for subsequent information. Thereby, decision-makers ought to not be heuristics thus simplify. Fayols coordinating function still emphasises in current management practice. Coordinating linking and allocating the organisational activities and resources to ensure efforts are effectively (Davidson et al, 2009 p.280). Coordinating approaches consist of job specialisation, departmentalisation, allocating authority and also organising activities. These purposes are to maximising performance practices, and establish sustainable competitive advantages. For this example, Malaysia former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad has a great effort on coordinated civil servants. He initiated civil service reform in his governance time, suggested paradigm shift needed from the civil servants in their attitude and approach towards their duties. Hereby in Mahathir theory, stated that civil service should more customers focused, responsive, results and performance oriented, accountable and innovative, with the capacity and capability of providing quality services (Ho and Chin, 2001 p.22). As a result, reform has increased the efficiency and effectiveness in the civil service administration and management. Besides, Malaysia Airlines (MAS) was another example to demonstrate the important of coordinating. Reformation MAS adopt to join global airline alliance to cut short their deficit flight lines and feed to alliance airline (Sia, 2007). Simultaneously, collaborate airlines would also allocate the regional flights to MAS. Therefore, both have equal advantages, despite MAS flights reduced but made more money. Leading is another element of Fayols function. Organisational manager should have leadership skills to lead employee. Robbins (2009 p.577) stated that a good leader should have clear goals, relevant skills, mutual trust and support, negotiating skills and unified commitment. Furthermore, effective communication increase productivity and avoid distrust between employees. As Mahathir (2004 p.118) outlined that explanations is one of the important jobs of a leader, because leader (manager) have to sell the idea to people (subordinates). Thereby, good communication should a leader have. However, Milne and Mauzy (1999 p.3) argued that the most important leadership traits are not discernible by looking at the leader alone but by looking at interactive leader-follower relations. It makes clear that leader should also be sensitive to what followers think. For instance, Asia leading low-cost carrier, Air Asia, has an extraordinary leading style. The management prefers casual and team-work approach, with less authority symbolises and allows employees to share opinion (AFP, 2004). The crew members clean the plane without regard for rank, and the top manager frequent get down operations with subordinates. CEO Tony Fernandes has further explained this is a way to motivate his staff (Kang, 2003). The forth Fayols functions are controlling. Controlling means restricting organizational activities to same targeted element of performance remain within acceptable limits (Davidson et al, 2009 p.318). Controlling is an indicator and it helps to ensure the process of implementing goal was in right direction, with comparing and evaluating its performance. In reality, due to goal perform is an ongoing process, contingency are often surround and occur during process, therefore, controlling provide the critical link back to planning. Well controlling will make productivity efficiency and achieve effectiveness goal. Air Asia as a low-cost airline has to constant looking of their cost and expenses. For example, Air Asia decides buying single type aircraft, which is Airbus A320. CEO Tony Fernandes (2007) make clear that Airbus A320 is cost economics than others aircraft, superior reliability and fuel efficient. Due to this, keeping single aircraft type reduces maintenance fees and staff training expenses. It is apparent that Air Asia has made effective control through cost-efficient. On the other hand, organisation without control managing ignoring of the target and what future happens to take, lastly cause failure management. Port Klang Free Zone project (PKFZ) as stated above, was also result in weak finance controlling. The report (2009 p.40) has illustrated PKFZ purchased land with exceeds market value, and twice to accept higher interest rates loan than originally contracted without reason, despite management team discovered financial statement facing deficit. In sum, overwhelming evidences make clear that Fayols functions involve great influence to contemporary organisational management practice. Planning, coordinating, leading and controlling are incurred reciprocal condition, interdependent and interaction. Managers have to engage in different activities and different management process well simultaneously. Without Fayols functions nowadays, Malaysia Airlines might be termination, dissolution or take over by others. Also, entirely low-cost airlines organisations even many low-cost industries cannot survive. PKFZ project is not without planning, but a weakness planning and controlling. If plans and controls in satisfactory, it might be a flourish regional trade, distribution and procurement centres. Hence, it could therefore be concluded with practice well of Fayols functions, although goal cannot assure be success but can minimise the challenges and drawbacks among the approach.

Comparing HG Wells The Time Machine and Mark Twains Connecticut Yankee :: Mark Twain Connecticut Yankee

Comparing HG Wells' The Time Machine and Mark Twain's Connecticut Yankee Connecticut Yankee was written in 1889 by Mark Twain. A man is taken from 19th century America and taken to 6th century England. Using his wits He is quickly able to put himself in a position of rank in the court of Camelot. He then introduces many modern inventions and ideas to the society in an attempt to bring it to what was considered the â€Å"right† way in the 19th Century. This shows how much influence a single man can have in the society around him. There is also a conflict of ideas in this book that leads to his eventual downfall and return to the 19th century. Throughout literature and history there have been many instances where a single man and his idea and beliefs have changed the course of events and shaped a society around his individual beliefs. These men have shaped history and the worlds that they live in. Connecticut Yankee is a prime example of such a man in a world, where his ideas cause a dramatic change. Hank Morgan was pulled from his world and taken to one that is a total opposite of his. Seeing that he cannot return to his world he then tries to transform Camelot to the world he remembers, 19th century America. Morgan enters a world of slavery, poverty, and control of the masses by a few select people. This world is completely different than what he is accustomed to and what he believes. He is in a world of superstition and lies. He uses his knowledge of a solar eclipse and plays it like if he where making the sun disappear. This gets him the position of Head wizard and second only in command to the king himself and it saves him from burning at the stake. The Camelot that Twain places Hank Morgan is a complete opposite to the world he comes from. He views them as a pack of uneducated fools and savages. This situation is much like that of the Time Traveler in H.G. Wells the Time Machine. Instead of going back in time he goes forward in time where the Eloi and the Morlocks, different races of people, are thrown back to primitive conditions. He talks to Eloi and sees them as little children who the Morlocks exploit for food and labor.

Disadvantages of television Essay

It is believed that television is one of the successful invention in this era. At first, television is used to transfer information from all over the world in the fastest speed. Nowadays, television has entered another stage, there are many shopping mall selling high-definition televisions. Other than first hand information, television provides us entertainment and knowledge. There are sitcoms, documentary, drama, sports, movie, etc. Nonetheless, is it good or not? This time, let us talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching television. Like some people, I love watching television when I have spare time. In 21st century, watching television has been becoming a popular activity other than sports, or playing video games. Nevertheless, did you notice how many hours do you spend on watching television every day? And did you choose a suitable programme for yourself? Surprisingly, the average of an American watch television for 7 hours and 15 minutes per day. And this figured out how many people has already been invaded by television. Read more: Advantages of television essay Watching television is really a waste of time. Those for whom watching television 8 hours a day. They waste 56 hours a week, then they waste about 240 hours a month, and they waste about 2900 hours a year. As if we can make good you use of these 2900 hours, we can learn knowledge from books, can make ourselves more healthy. Also, television programme are not suitable for everyone. Violence and sexual materials affect the growth of children and teens. If their parents do not teach them, their children may result in committing crimes. Moreover, if their parents did not tell their children not to open the volume too loud or watching television in a longer distance, it may also hurt their ears and eyes easily. Furthermore, students who watch television more than 2 hours everyday, it may affect their academic because they have no longer concern about their study

Nigeria cities such as Lagos Essays

Nigeria cities such as Lagos Essays Nigeria cities such as Lagos Essay Nigeria cities such as Lagos Essay Port Harcourt, Sudan and Callback grow mainly through rural-urban migration. This arbitration process has outpaced the existing urban management system. The 1996 world report on Nigeria indicated that the growth rate of urban area has increased from 20% in 1910 to 33% in 1993. It is also projected that by the year 2025, 75% of Insignias population of about 245 million persons is expected to live in towns and cities (1996 World Bank report on Nigeria). This rapidity in the rate of arbitration is so overwhelming that it nearly far exceeds the speed with which urban managers are able to respond to the dynamics of arbitration due to inadequate or lack of facilities, resources and capabilities at their disposal. The rural areas in Nigeria are environments without the basic amenities to meet psychological and physiological needs of human living. Generally, rural communities characterized by population size; distance from urban centers, isolation, relatively homogeneous culture, natural resources based economy and strong sense of local identity. In this study emphasis will be laid on the housing challenges of rural areas and the respect of a better rural development It has become critically important for a research work to be out on the challenges of rural estate development. Some of the challenges arising as a result of rapid arbitration are; urban sprawl, encroachment on conservation zone, inadequate basic infrastructure and communal facilities, inadequate energy I. E. Electricity, inadequate potable water, formation of slums, urban road transport problem, urban traffic congestion, etc. Thus, it is pertinent to ask as follows; how can the urban areas be decongest? Is it important to develop the rural areas? Will the people in the urban areas be willing to relocate to the urban areas, if developed? What amenities can be installed in the rural housing estate that will attract present urban dwellers to relocate? 1. 3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES This dissertation is aimed at studying and finding out how urban areas can be decongest by developing the housing estates in the rural areas. In order to accomplish this aim, the following objectives shall be pursued; Finding out if present urban dwellers will like to relocate to rural areas close to the urban areas if developed. Identifying the type of development people would prefer in the rural areas. Determining the importance of developing the rural areas.

Anorexia vs. Bulimia Essays

Anorexia vs. Bulimia Essays Anorexia vs. Bulimia Essay Anorexia vs. Bulimia Essay Anorexia and Bulimia are equal opportunity eating disorders. There is no certain race, gender, sexual or religious background in which these eating disorders are more predominant. Anorexia and Bulimia are psychological problems that just happen to deal with food. There are some similarities in the two eating disorders, but they are not necessarily two sides of the same nervosa coin. Anorexia and Bulimia The Similarities Both Anorexia and Bulimia have the same underlying cause low self-esteem. With todays society putting so much emphasis on what is perceived as the perfect body and weight, those people with eating disorders see themselves as imperfect. However, that is not the only underlying cause. Depression and abuse emotional, verbal, sexual and physical are also common factors that contribute to the eating disorders of Anorexia and Bulimia. It is important to note that depression and abuse are not always a factor but that it is prevalent in many cases. In addition, in both disorders, eating is out of their power and self-control. Both of their focus is on food, although there are different ramifications. Anorexia and Bulimia The Differences The result of Anorexia and Bulimia on a persons health is very similar, but the steps leading up to the conditions are not. With Anorexia, a person consciously does not eat in order to achieve what they perceive as the perfect body. When they look in the mirror, they do not see how gaunt and skeletal they appear. Rather, they see themselves as needing to lose just a few more pounds. With Bulimia, a person consumes large quantities of food to numb their feelings. However, shame and guilt creep in and kick off the urge to purge. They purge ia vomiting, excessive exercising, and the use of laxatives or diuretics. Anorexia becomes readily visible once a person drops way below a normal weight. Yet, with Bulimics, they could appear to have a normal body weight or even appear slightly overweight. Unless you caught them in the act of bingeing or purging, you would most likely never guess there were any problems. Medical issues are yet another area where Anorexia and Bulimia differ. For instance, with the constant bingeing and purging, Bulimics can suffer from decaying teeth and even stomach and esophagus problems, all stemming from the regurgitation of stomach acids. People who suffer from Anorexia deal with a variety of health issues like the lack of a menstruation cycle and a lower body temperature. In both eating disorders, they do share some of the same medical problems not listed above like malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances and interruption of body eliminations. Some of these medical issues lead to stroke or heart attack, which is the leading cause of death in people with eating disorders. So while there are some similarities in these two eating disorders, they are also vastly different.

Importance of Becoming a Learning Organisation Essay

Importance of Becoming a Learning Organisation - Essay Example â€Å"A learning company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and consciously transforms itself and its context†. (Pedler et al., 1991, cited in Pedler, 1995: 21) One of the implications of his statement is that a learning organization should focus on the â€Å"continuous learning and the development of potential† (Pedler, 1995: 21) not limited in just senior management but also in all employees within the company, and in the business partners of the company such to satisfy stakeholders’ needs. Senge (1990: 3) has the similar viewpoints on the continuous process of organizational transformation, which he defines learning organization as: â€Å"where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together.† Braham (1995) also has a similar view which organizations are responsible for ensuring that learning is not hindered and to promote lifelong learning to everyone in the organizations. Such standpoints are also supported by Dixon (1994), cited in Pedler and Aspinwall (1998: 16), that she comments a learning organization makes â€Å"Intentional use of learning processes at the individual, group and system level to continuously transform the organization in a direction that is increasingly satisfying to stakeholders.†

MGT 671 LEADER PROJECT INTERVIEW PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MGT 671 LEADER PROJECT INTERVIEW PAPER - Essay Example Finally, during the early part of the first quarter of year 2000, the company was able to gain business eligibility by completing all the necessary documentations necessary for its operations. Shortly thereafter, the first flight of JetBlue Airways took to the skies. The company then proceeded to add more routes as it expands its business operations. Before the year 2000 ended, the company reached a major milestone by reaching a million customers serviced while at the same time earning $ 100 million revenue for the year. All these have been achieved prior to the company’s first anniversary and shortly afterwards the company has flown about 2 million customers (JetBlue Corporate History 2011). The company further expanded its operations as the delivery of its Airbus units continues giving the company about 20 units of operational crafts. The company’s massive fleet continues to grow when in 2003 the company was able to receive its 50th Airbus. As such, a new hangar compl ex was needed and acquired at JFK International. The company grew rapidly and operations expanded extensively necessitating the additional order of 65 more airbuses and 100 more Embraer 190 aircrafts. In flight entertainment was improved further the following year and by the early half of 2004 the company already has on its laurels the honor of flying 25 million passengers. In just five years, the company was able to secure its 71st airbus and was subsequently awarded the prestigious Diamond Certificate of Excellence Award from the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). Also, JetBlue was able to receive its Embraer 190 aircraft, the first airline to have such a unit. Furthermore, the company was able to acquire a bigger hangar and is also able to secure a partnership with American Express to integrate credit card payments with their operations. The company further improved its in house entertainment and was even able to pioneer in-flight email and even instant messaging services. In 2008, J etBlue even became the official airline of the Red Sox and the following year even became the official airline partner of the New York Jets. All the while, the company is introducing innovations of the jet liner service and is also expanding its routes. With all these achievements and despite breaching the top 50 in just half a decade, JetBlue was not yet a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) . After a decade, JetBlue established its office in the bustling city of New York and was officially included into the folds of the IATA. Brief Biography of Robin Hayes – EVP, Chief Commercial Officer Mr. Robin Hayes joined JetBlue last May 2008. He was appointed to the commercial side as the Chief Commercial Officer handling the airline’s marketing strategy including sales and revenues as well as the network of the airline. His appointment gave him an Executive Vice President position, a title he also had before he left his previous company (JetBlue Airwa ys, Press Release May 2008). Prior to joining the JetBlue, Mr. Robin Hayes was with British Airways also as an EVP. JetBlue is banking on the experience Mr. Hayes had when he was with British Airways to help their company surge forward faster. No less than JetBlue’s CEO, Mr. Dave Barger, highlighted the vast capabilities of Mr. Hayes emphasizing on the years that he had in the industry as well as the knowledge that he amassed from his

Employee Relations and Employee Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Relations and Employee Law - Essay Example The latter was largely unpopular with employers and some employees but provided a lot of billing time to the legal fraternity due to its intricate and indefinite procedures that were wrought with problematic clauses. An Associate at Mogers Associates, Tim Gofton observed that, ‘The complexity of the SDRP and the wide interpretations given by Tribunals to important areas of the SDRP (such as supposedly straightforward issues such as what constitutes a ‘grievance’) pushed employees towards seeking legal advice. This in itself pushed parties further away from resolution’ (Gofton, 2009 p.2). For the second time in five years, dispute resolution between employers and employees will be radically overhauled through an introduction of a process that has less stringent measures to the defaulting persons or entities when compared to the earlier process. While a majority of the players have welcomed the new forum for resolution of grievances, others have questioned the ambiguities encompassed in the new code which might lead to further escalation of grievance claims like in the earlier process (an increase by 40 - 65 percent within the last two years). Tynan (2009), however asserts that ‘the code is certainly less prescriptive than the old statutory dispute resolution procedures (SDRPs) that promoted fixation on procedural compliance rather than working actively to resolve the dispute.’(Tynan, 2009, p. 1). The formation of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) in 1975 was preceded by a period of great turmoil in the relationships between employers and their staff. Large-scale industrial unrest in the late 1970s and 1980s was widespread due to lack of an agreeable dispute or grievance resolutions mechanism between the employers and employees. The government as a result formed ACAS through the Employment Protection Act to act as the arbitrator in the many highly volatile national strikes that were paralysing the nation hence sabotaging

Bigger, Faster, Stronger Essay Example for Free

Bigger, Faster, Stronger Essay Chris Bell who came from an overweight family narrated this film. Chris did not want to be like his father when he was younger; instead he wanted to be like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Chris’ older brother would beat up kids who made fun of him so he was nicknamed Mad Dog. His younger brother hated school and had a learning disability. His younger brother was nicknamed Smelly. Chris and his brothers would wrestle in their basement. Mad Dog had become football captain at his school, while Smelly and Chris began participating in body building competitions. Chris was the strongest kid in his high school and held the New York record. Chris had started to get accused of using steroids. By his senior year he was one of the strongest kids in the country. He moved to California and trained at the gym that Arnold Schwarzenegger trained at. All he accomplished with moving was landing a job at Gold’s Gym selling memberships. It was said that some move to California and live out of their cars to lift at Gold’s Gym. Chris was always against steroids, so when he found out that all his heroes had used them he was very bothered. Chris’ older brother, Mad Dog, stated using steroids while playing football at University of Cincinnati. Shortly after he quit college to pursue another dream of his which was professional wrestling. Mad Dog was the guy who got paid to make other wrestlers look good by getting beat up. Mad Dog was told he would get a contract, but never did. Mad Dog started doing drugs in addition to steroids. He said he would rather be dead than average and later attempted to commit suicide. Smelly also followed Mad Dog and took steroids. He also pursued his wrestling dream, but unlike Mad Dog he had a wife to consider. After having a son, Smelly realized that wrestling was not the life he wanted. Smelly and his wife settled down in the suburbs and opened a gym. But even after quitting wrestling the steroid usage did not stop. Chris could not understand why he was so against steroid usage, but his brothers were not. It is said that many of the baseball players were using steroids and baseball players because of this went from being scrawny to looking like wrestlers. In 2005 Congress spent 151 days in session and 8 of those they spent debating the use of steroids. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anabolic steroids kills 3 people a year and is #142 in top killers. Steroids are synthetic versions of hormones that your body produces naturally. Some side effects of steroids are acne, hair growth, and reduced sperm count. Some side effects in women are deepened voice, menstrual problem, and enlarged clitoris. Some of these side effects are not reversible. Testosterone tells the body to increase muscle size and strength and helps you recover from workouts faster. For kids some experts think steroids can stunt their growth, but it is not proven. No one has ever done studies on long-term effects of steroids. Congress wanted to pass a law that would control steroids like cocaine and heroin. In 1990 Congress passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act. This video has not changed my opinion on steroids. My thought on steroids before watching this video was that it should only be used for medical reasons. I consider those who use steroids to gain an advantage over others in professional sports as cheaters. This video, however, did introduce me to many other types of people who use steroids such as pilots, porn stars, and musicians.

Decision Making with a Neonatal Ethical Dilemma

Decision Making with a Neonatal Ethical Dilemma Natalia Perdomo Introduction Ethical dilemmas have been at the forefront in the healthcare industry. Nurses are constantly faced with situations in which difficult decisions must be made. It is crucial to determine at what point autonomy outweighs patient wellbeing. Gather Data The ethical situation presents a woman delivering a baby in a country hospital after suffering complications. These complications cause inadequate oxygen delivery to the baby. The baby is supported by nutrition and hydration and currently in an unresponsive state to verbal and tactile stimulus. The NICU staff and nurse have never experienced this situation in the past and are unaware of how to proceed. The parents are in a state of extreme grief while the staff feels overwhelmed and uncertain in regards to a solution. Information not presented in this case includes reassessment of Apgar score, gestational age, weight of infant or type of delivery as well as mother’s medical history. Key Participants The key participants in this dilemma include the parents, the NICU staff and the nurse who is primarily responsible for the mother’s care. When considering the mother’s perspective, it is crucial to understand the many factors that play into her thought process. She has been through a difficult labor and is stated to be weak and grieving. When asked to make a decision, she feels competent enough to make a valid decision. The father, who is also grieving, agrees with his wife, who is in a distressed state. Both parents are saddened by the condition of the infant and feel there is no choice other than to discontinue life support measures because they value quality of life and do not want their infant to endure suffering any longer. The NICU staff, who pride themselves in valuing patient autonomy, want to be as supportive as possible and perform in the best interest of the patient. The nurse and staff agree that the mother does not have decision-making capacity at the time of the decision. The nurse demonstrates an ethical struggle, as she needs to fulfill her supportive role towards her patient. She feels that by not offering enough information, she cannot assist the parents in making the best decision or intervene due to her lack of knowledge. Statement of Ethical Problem of Conflict The ethical conflict rests on the nurse in this case. The conflict is whether she should support the decision of her patient to discontinue nutrition and hydration or whether she should seek out alternative options to convince her patient to reassess her decision. Review of Literature When dissecting a situation such as this one, it is critical to understand the key points in their entirety to determine the most effective approach. According to Conde-Agudelo and Romero (2012), an amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is known as a rare and fatal obstetric condition associated with severe symptoms such as sudden cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, altered mental status and fetal distress. It is currently the second leading cause of maternal death in the U.S. and must receive prompt and aggressive treatment by a multidisciplinary team. The fetal distress caused by AFE results in hypoxia of the neonate, which in consequence may cause life threatening injuries and lifelong disability. Anju, Naijil, Paulose, Roshni and Shilpa (2012) state that hypoxia may cause multi organ failure and functional damage especially to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. The authors also note that because hypoxia has the potential to induce neuronal death in vulnerable brai n regions, impairment of cognitive function can be detected later in life. In addition to the effects of the AFE, it is crucial to understand the hormonal process contributing to the emotional state in the postpartum period. After a woman gives birth, the levels of estrogen and progesterone decline rapidly. Harvard Medical School (2011) explains that due to the plummet of hormones immediately after birth, emotional instability may result as these reproductive hormones interact with neurotransmitter systems that affect mood and mental health. Expected post partum emotions, according to Turner (2012) include feelings of tiredness, anxiety, tearfulness, lack of energy and insomnia. There are many laws that serve to protect the rights of the infant and child. The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959) states that the child â€Å"shall be entitled to grow and develop in health; to this end, special care and protection shall be provided both to him and to his mother, including adequate pre-natal and post-natal care.† Although care and protection of the infant is essential, there are always exceptions. In the court case Miller v. HCA (1990), a premature infant was born with multiple complications and a poor prognosis. The parents made it clear they wanted no measures taken to save the infant. However, the physicians intervened regardless and initiated life sustaining measures. These parents valued quality of life and disagreed with life sustaining measures due to likelihood of severe and permanent physical and mental impairments in the future. When their autonomy was not respected and the infant was kept alive, the parents became respon sible for the life of a child with severe disabilities. Aladangady and Rooy (2012) clarify that babies with poor prognosis should have treatment decisions made jointly by the health care team and infant’s family while considering the best interests of the baby and current clinical condition. Ethics committees in hospitals serve as resources to the providers as well as the patients and should be considered as they provide ethics education. However, Gaudine, Lamb, LeFort and Thorne (2011) assess barriers to requesting an ethics consult, which include consult worsening the situation, unhelpful consultations, solutions conflicting with good practice and working with unqualified ethics consultants. Supporting Principles or Theories Burkhardt Nathaniel (2014) define autonomy as the â€Å"freedom to make choices about issues that affect one’s life, free from lies, restraint, or coercion† (p. 60). This principle respects each individual and highlights his or her uniqueness and value within a society. There are four basic elements that determine autonomy. The autonomous person must be respected, have the ability to determine explicit personal goals, have the capacity to decide on a plan and have freedom to autonomously act upon choices made. Children, fetuses and individuals with mental impairments are not considered autonomous; therefore, they are unable to make informed choices. The principle of beneficence according to Burkhardt Nathaniel (2014) requires that nurses act in ways that will benefit their patients by doing good. There are three major components within this principle, which include doing or promoting good, preventing harm and removing evil or harm. By striving to act in ways that are morally and legally correct, it allows the nurse to gain trust from her patients as well as from society. Within the context of the situation, the two ethical principles presented oppose each other in regards to the ethical dilemma of the nurse. By supporting the decision to discontinue hydration and nutrition, the nurse is respecting the patient’s autonomy. The baby does not possess autonomy and therefore, cannot make decisions. The parents possess the right to make decisions as they see fit and the nurse must respect their freedom. The nurse abides by the principle of beneficence by choosing to seek out options to provide the best possible alternatives within her scope of practice. By doing this, she can educate the parents and give them an opportunity to make an educated decision, which may facilitate reassessment of the decision to prevent any further harm to the neonate. Desired Outcome for All Participants The desired outcome for the situation presented is for the country hospital’s NICU staff to work together and form a plan of care that is in the best interest of the neonate. The plan of care should be discussed with the parents and they should feel confident with their informed decision. Once the plan is discussed with the parents and they are in agreement, the NICU team will work together to implement the plan. Options The nurse may support her patient’s wishes to have life sustaining measures withdrawn in the infant. Within the mother’s current emotional state, this action may seem as the most reasonable but down the line, she may feel extreme guilt and regret. This decision may trigger moral distress amongst the nurse and NICU staff due to their lack of knowledge and guidance in the situation. However, by supporting the decision the nurse demonstrates respect for patient autonomy. If the infant is disconnected, the staff may speak to the parents about providing palliative care and donation of the infant’s viable organs. The nurse may also choose to reassess both mother and baby for a week due to the mother’s initial lack of decision-making capacity. This option violates patient autonomy as the parents wish to disconnect hydration and nutrition. By keeping the baby in its current state, it may cause difficulties for the parents as they value quality of life and disagree with life sustaining measures. However, this option provides the nurse with an opportunity to intervene, consult specialists, research and learn about the mother’s condition and most effective implementation. By reassessing both patients for a week, it buys the infant some time to recuperate from birth trauma and allows the mother to reach optimum health in order to make a rational decision. Another option that may be considered in this situation is to consult the hospital’s ethics committee. Since the nurse is unsure of whether to support parents or encourage them to reassess their decision, she may call in a third party to intervene. This option also goes against the patient’s wishes and may cause them to lose trust in the nurse, which may result in stress on the patient-nurse relationship. The patient and her husband may also refuse to speak to the ethics committee altogether. However, if the patient and her husband consider the option of speaking to an ethicist, it allows them to discuss their decision-making process and values with an unbiased party. By incorporating another person who was not initially involved in the situation, it will assist in relieving some distress the staff feels in regards to the dilemma. Decision and Justification The best decision in this case is for the nurse to reassess both the patient and infant for a week due to the mother’s initial lack of decision-making capacity. Although this choice goes against the autonomy of the mother, it is a decision that is made in the best interest of both the mother and the infant. Extra time allows the nurse to obtain research about AFEs and clinical manifestations to better aid her patient. As stated earlier, one of the main symptoms of an AFE is altered mental status, which may explain why such a rash decision was initially made. The nurse is aware of the altered mental status and must intervene due to the principle of beneficence. During this time, the nurse may consult with a neurologist to observe the mother’s neurologic status and monitor for any impairment. Furthermore, the nurse may consider consulting a neonatologist to determine possible treatment options and prognosis of the infant. This option serves as the most effective over the others because it involves the most thought out process. The option to support her patient’s wishes and autonomy is not in the best interest of the mother or baby, as the nurse is aware of the mother’s lack of decisional making capacity. It is the nurse’s responsibility to do good within her scope of practice and seek out the best option for her patient; this option does not allow her to do so. Requesting an ethics consult would involve more staff in this very delicate situation and most likely negatively affect the nurse-patient relationship by further upsetting the patient and her husband. Effectiveness of Decision The decision that is chosen by the nurse is effective because it involves the implementation of a plan that is carried out by the staff, as well as other collaborative means such as neurology and neonatology. This decision provides the nurse with an opportunity to research options with the patient’s best interest in mind while providing the patient with the prospect of healing. Meanwhile, the infant may receive an appropriate evaluation to determine likelihood of survival. If after further assessment possession of decisional capacity is confirmed, along with confirmation of infant’s unchanged state, the parents may then restate their wishes to disconnect nutrition and hydration as they strongly value quality of life. At this point, the nurse may feel confident in her decision to support the patient’s autonomy as the appropriate measures were taken. Conclusion This scenario is one of many in which a nurse may be faced with a difficult decision. Assessment is the key component in determining whether or not autonomy outweighs patient wellbeing. Once a conclusion can be deferred, the nurse can then implement the most effective plan of care. References Aladangady, N., Rooy, L. (2012). Withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment for newborn infants. Early Human Development, 88, 65-69. Anju, T.R., Naijil, G., Paulose, C.S., Roshni, T. Shilpa, J. (2013). Neonatal hypoxic insult- mediated cholinergic disturbances in the brain stem: effect of glucose, oxygen and epinephrine resuscitation. Neurological Sciences, 34(3), 287-296. Burkhardt, M.A., Nathaniel, A.K. (2014). Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Publishers. Conde-Adudelo, A. Romero, R. (2009). Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence- based review. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 201(5), 445e1-445e13. Declaration of the rights of the child. (2014). In United Nations Cyber School Bus. Retrieved, from https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/huma nright s/resources/child.asp Gaudine, A., Lamb, M., LeFort, S.M. Thorne, L. (2011). Barriers and facilitators to consulting hospital clinical ethics committees. Nursing Ethics, 18(6), 767-780. Harvard Medical School. (2011). Beyond the â€Å"baby blues.† Harvard Mental Health Letter, 28(3), 1-3. Michigan State University. Case Study: Miller v. HCA. Retrieved from https://www.msu.edu/course/hm/546/miller_v_hca.htm Turner, S. (2012). Postpartum emotions. Midwifery Today, 12(5), 33-36.

Appearance versus Reality in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- essays res

The play 'Othello' is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona's death. Iago's two-sided face and the other characters' readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Everyone involved with Iago separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. 'I am not what I am.' This is a quote that should not be taken for granted. In this quote, Iago describes himself as a demonic Satan-like person contradicting God's quote 'I am that I am.' Indeed, Iago represents the very essence of the play's theme: appearance versus reality. In reality he is the cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting evil that the audience gets to know through his soliloquies, but in his appearance he is that same old, trustworthy, run of the mill Iago that they think they know so well. In fact, Othello, after he murders his own wife, accredits Iago as, 'An honest man he is, and hates the slime/ That sticks on filthy deeds.' Inopportunely for Othello, who seems to trust Iago so, Iago is the exact opposite of what Othello takes him to be. Iag... ...by Othello, and yet denied it every bit, preserving her honor as, in her eyes, a sacred and tangible reality. The play ?Othello? is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona?s death. Iago?s two-sided face and the other characters? readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Appearance versus Reality in Shakespeare's Othello Essay -- essays res The play 'Othello' is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona's death. Iago's two-sided face and the other characters' readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot. Everyone involved with Iago separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. 'I am not what I am.' This is a quote that should not be taken for granted. In this quote, Iago describes himself as a demonic Satan-like person contradicting God's quote 'I am that I am.' Indeed, Iago represents the very essence of the play's theme: appearance versus reality. In reality he is the cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting evil that the audience gets to know through his soliloquies, but in his appearance he is that same old, trustworthy, run of the mill Iago that they think they know so well. In fact, Othello, after he murders his own wife, accredits Iago as, 'An honest man he is, and hates the slime/ That sticks on filthy deeds.' Inopportunely for Othello, who seems to trust Iago so, Iago is the exact opposite of what Othello takes him to be. Iag... ...by Othello, and yet denied it every bit, preserving her honor as, in her eyes, a sacred and tangible reality. The play ?Othello? is an epiphany of the ultimate battle between appearance versus reality in the respect that Iago is the complete opposite from what he appears to be. Everyone involved with him separately thinks that he is doing them favors, when actually he is a backstabbing, conniving person who is the essence of evil and is often referred to as half-man, half-devil. Contrary to Iago, Othello is often referred to as a God-like figure, innocent in every way: trusting and naà ¯ve. Unfortunately for Othello, this serves as his eventual downfall helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which results in Desdemona?s death. Iago?s two-sided face and the other characters? readiness to believe him before thinking twice is the driving force of the play and its plot.

The process of preparing and delivering our team’s presentation

Abstract In any organizational or institutional setting, teamwork is usually instrumental in meeting departmental or organizational objectives. Even with the benefits that are associated with groups or teamwork, there are several challenges that may hinder attainment of the set objectives. This paper presents the process that was involved in the preparation and delivery of our group presentation. It discusses the stages of development that the group went through, highlighting the exercises that were undertaken at each stage. With reference to group motivation theory, it addresses the approaches that were used during the group exercise to motivate members to contribute towards the exercise. It has also presented the competencies that group members developed in the course of the group exercise. Introduction This paper provides an overview of the processes involved in the preparation and delivery of our team presentation. It relates the group work process to theories and literature on organizational behavioural theory that can be used to explain dynamics in group and teamwork. The main concepts to be covered in this paper include group and team development, motivation and learning at work. Group development is defined as the stages that groups undergo, from creation of the group to accomplishment of the assigned task (Bonebright, 2010). Motivation, which is a vital determinant of productivity, refers to the approaches used to trigger a desire in an individual to be more dedicated to the accomplishment of their tasks (Sachau, 2007). Learning at work, or team learning, is the attainment of skills by individuals in the course of the group task (Zellmer-Bruhn & Gibson, 2006).Group and Team DevelopmentThis are the stages through which undergo from assembling team members to attainment of the set objective. There are different models that can be used to describe the process or group development. One of the widely used models is Bruce Tuckman’s four-stage model formulated in 1965, which divides the development process into four stages. These are forming, storming, norming and performing (Egolf & Chester, 2013). Whereas some teams undergo all these stages in group development, some end at the norming stage, which was also the case with our team. This section relates the development of our group with reference to Tuckman’s four-stage model. According to Bonebright (2010), the forming stage involves creating an understanding of one’s team members. It is also characterized by the desire of individual team members to be accepted as part of the larger group (Hill & Parsons, 2014). In our team, this stage of group development involved activities that could enable us to work together and be more productive. Team members spent time interacting and knowing abou t each other so as to eliminate the tension that could prevent them from effectively working together. This stage also involved the appointment of the group leader, setting of ground rules and agreeing upon the meeting schedules. Conflicts were minimal at this stage, which can be attributed to the fact that challenges associated with teamwork had not yet arisen. The second stage in group development is storming. This is the stage where different ideas or opinions are presented by group members for consideration (Garfield & Dennis, 2012). It is highly likely for group members to present conflicting opinions, which also triggers rivalry and tension within the group. Whereas conflicts might be considered as being adverse towards attainment of the team’s objectives, constructive conflicts provide a chance for group members to select the appropriate options to pursue in addressing the task at hand (Fleishman et al., 2008; De Wit et al., 2012). This is the most critical stage in gr oup development, and issues have to be resolved before moving to the next stage (Egolf & Chester, 2013). Referring to the process of delivering our team’s presentation, some of the conflicts that arose included the theories to incorporate in the presentation or the sources to be used. For instance, I questioned why the group leader insisted on using books as our main sources, yet peer reviewed journals that were readily available in the college library database could also be used to compliment books. Other group members also questioned why they could not use any source they come across on the internet. However, these conflicts were minor and short lived. The third stage is of group developing is referred to as norming (Egolf & Chester, 2013). After the conflicts have been resolved in the storming stage, the effectiveness of the team begins to increase, trust among team members grows and the individual differences are appreciated (Garfield & Dennis, 2012). This was the final s tage of development for our group. For the functionality of the team, some group members stopped persisting with their ideas for the sake of avoiding conflict. There was also an increased cohesion among members, and as opposed to conflicting opinions that characterized the storming stage, team members showed support for each other, and provided constructive feedback for each others’ contribution to the team. The fourth stage of group development is referred to as productivity. According to Egolf and Chester (2013), not all groups progress to this stage. Our group did not get to this stage based on the fact that the task that was to be accomplished was short-term. In summary, the developments that took place in our group, as well as the issues that characterized them, closely relate to Tuckman’s four stage model (forming, storming norming and performance). The fact that the group exercise was short-term meant that the group development did not progress to the performanc e stage, but the objective of the team was met. Group Motivation Motivation in teamwork incorporates all the efforts that are made by team members to increase the cohesion and levels of productivity of the entire team (Wright et al., 2012). With reference to Hertzberg’s dual factor theory of motivation, there is a set of factors that increases the productivity of individuals in accomplishing their tasks. There is also another separate set of factors that cause dissatisfaction and thus, limit individual productivity (Sachau, 2007). This section addresses the approaches that were used to motivate group members. In group work, one of the motivation approaches is through ensuring effective communication among all people within the group (Dunin-Keplicz & Verbrugge, 2011). In group work, responsibilities are divided into smaller tasks and assigned to members depending on their competence. Given that all these sub-tasks contribute towards the attainment of the overall team objective, it is necessary for all team members to communicate about the pr ogress of their respective tasks. This will avoid situations where some members unknowingly derail, or fail to complete their tasks within the agreed upon time limits (Lencioni, 2012). During the preparation and delivery of our group presentation, we ensured that communication between us was effective. This was done by requesting all group members to provide their phone numbers and email addresses. We also followed each other on social media platforms. This ensured that if there was a breakdown in one communication channel, there was always another viable objective. When handling group tasks, it is vital to schedule regular meetings in consideration of the responsibilities of all group members. This ensures that every group member is available during the meeting (Dunin-Keplicz & Verbrugge, 2011). Regular meetings also allow for close consultations between group members in case some group members hit a snag in completing the tasks that they have been assigned (Lencioni, 2012). Most o f the members in our team were dedicated and never skipped meetings. Whereas there were team members who easily handled the tasks that they had been allocated, there are some who found it quite challenging to accomplish their tasks. We understood the fact that there are some people who are quicker than others in accomplishing their assigned tasks than others is common. Thus, instead of reprimanding them, we took to the initiative to ensure that group members who had a challenge in completing their tasks were assisted to complete them. Motivation in teamwork also entails making everybody feel like they valuable members (Hill & Parsons, 2014). For instance, if a decision is to be made about a project, the opinions of all group members have to be considered. This encourages constructive debates, which are vital for rational decision making. The group members’ motivation to deliver may be adversely affected if major decisions are only made by a section of the team, which may also lead to groupthink. Groupthink is a common phenomenon in teamwork where the fear of conflicts, or desire for group conformity and harmony, causes other group members to agree with decisions made by others. This is regardless of whether they are suitable or not (De Wit et al., 2012). During our group work, all members were allowed to actively engage in discussions and every opinion presented was listened to. Even though it was not possible to implement incorporate all members’ opinions in decision making, reasons why some opinions were considered over others was also clearly explained to all group members. Our team was culturally diverse, and included people from both genders. Therefore, tasks were distributed in consideration of this diversity. Different approaches were used to motivate group members. However, even with the efforts that were made to optimize the productivity of every group member, there were some individuals who failed to attend group meetings without good r easons. Regardless of these drawbacks, the rest of the team worked diligently to the completion of the project. Learning at Work Learning at work refers to the skills and competencies that members of a team learn as they collectively accomplish a task (Zellmer-Bruhn & Gibson, 2006). Typically, the abilities of each individual in the team will vary, with each being more competent in some areas, less competent in others In this regard team members learn from each other through sharing knowledge so as to compliment one another’s skills (Dunin-Keplicz & Verbrugge, 2011). This section discusses the process of team learning within the group during the exercise. Team members have to ensure that they have created strong relationships and trust amongst themselves to facilitate team learning. Failure to create a team environment that allows members to learn from one another may undermine the attainment of the overall team objective (Lencioni, 2012). Learning at work or team leaning can be made possible through observations, dialogue and reflection (Hill & Parsons, 2014). Team members should be willing to enable t hose who are not as competent as they are in certain aspects that are vital to the accomplishment of the team’s objective to improve. Likewise, team members who lack some competencies ought to take the initiative to learn through observation or asking for assistance (Zellmer-Bruhn & Gibson, 2006). One of the models that can be used to understand team leaning is the action-learning cycle (Coghlan & Rigg, 2012). Action learning is a continuous learning process, where individuals from their own experiences and actions, as well as those of other members of their team. Through their own experience, people learn to avoid repeating mistakes they did and continue to improve their competencies in certain disciplines. The action-learning cycle was designed to enable individuals to draw lessons from their experiences by making analytical reflections of their actions (Pedler & ?Abbott, 2013). This means that lessons from past experiences can guide present actions, while lessons learnt fr om the current experience can be used to guide future actions. In the course of the preparation and delivery of our group presentation, team members learnt from each other in different ways. Based on the relationship that had been developed between team members, dialogue was one of the most used approaches for team learning. Group members were willing to share information with others to improve each other’s levels of competence. For instance, one two of our team members were competent in using different data analysis approaches so as to come up with relevant conclusions on the research topic. In addition to this, while most of us were comfortable with the basic function of Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint, one of the team members and I, were more competent with the more advanced options. Therefore, we spent some time during meetings learning from and teaching each other. Learning took different approaches, which included reflections and observations. Even though some of t he competencies that were learnt were not improved to the extent that perfection was attained, most of the group members had improved their skills in one aspect or other. I improved my confidence and public speaking skills through the mock presentations that were held by the group in preparation for the final presentation to a larger audience.. All team members also learnt several concepts that could enable them to be more productive members of teams in future. In summary, the group exercise was instrumental in developing some competencies that every group member lacked. As mentioned, different approaches were used in learning or teaching each other about different concepts that were challenging for different group members. Conclusion The capability of an individual to be a productive member of a team is one of the vital competencies that are required for success in any aspect of life. In the preparation and delivery of our group presentation, several characteristics of groups, which relate to organizational behavioural theory, were identified. This paper has presented an overview of the factors that characterized the team working process. One of these is the process through which the ram developed through the formation, storming and norming stages. Based on the fact that the group assignment was short-term, we did not get into the performance stage. The motivation factors that contributed towards the achievement of the overall team goal have also been presented in this paper. Ways in which different group members leant from each other to improve their competencies in several areas have also been addressed in this paper. Whereas the group task was successfully accomplished, some of the few drawbacks that affected the research have also been presented. References Bonebright, D.A., 2010. 40 years of storming: a historical review of Tuckman’s model of small group development. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), pp.111-20. Coghlan, D. & Rigg, C., 2012. Action learning as praxis in learning and changing. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 20, pp.59-89. De Wit, F.R.C., Greer, L.L. & Jehn, K.A., 2012. The Paradox of Intragroup Conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, pp.360-90. Dunin-Keplicz, B. & Verbrugge, R?., 2011. Teamwork in Multi-Agent Systems: A Formal Approach. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Egolf, D. & Chester, S., 2013. Forming Storming Norming Performing. Bloomington: IUniverse. Fleishman, R., O’Leary, R?. & Gerard, ?C., 2008. Recent Developments in Conflict Resolution and Collaboration. London: Emerald Group Publishing. Garfield, M.J. & Dennis, A.R., 2012. Toward an Integrated Model of Group Development: Disruption of Routines by Technology-Induced Change. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(3), pp.43-86. Hill, F. & Parsons, L?., 2014. Teamwork in the Management of Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. New Jersey: Routledge. Lencioni, P., 2012. The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: Intact Teams Participant Workbook. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Miner, J.B., 2005. 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